أثر الثقافات و الديانات الوثنية في نشأة الفرق و المقالات، و أوجه مشابهة الفرق لهم، و موقف السلف منهم، من خلال مصنفات السلف في الاعتقاد إلى نهاية القرن الخامس الهجري

الملخص EN

All praise is due to Allah, and may Allah exalt and send peace to the messenger of Allah: our prophet Muhammad and all of his family and companions.

To proceed, Allah mentioned in clear verses of His book about the polytheists hostility to Islam and its people.

Whoever looks in history finds similarities between pagan religions and philosophies and the sects that oppose Ahl us-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah.

The predecessors explained the impact of these religions in the emergence of the sects and the similarities between them.

The impact of the Zoroastrians on the Qadariyyah is made clear by the fact of their denying o predestination and also that it has been reported that "Qadariyyah is the Zoroastrians of this nation".

The predecessors also explained that the first one to speak about this innovation was Ma'bad al-Juhani who took it from a Zoroastrian named Sisaway.

The Zoroastrians also influenced the Shiites and it was mentioned in the books of the predecessors that most of the Iranians showed that they were Shia and some of them even followed the sects like Qaramitah and Ismailiyyah that openly showed that they left Islam and became pure Zoroastrians.

The Sabians influence on the Murji'ah is made clear by that which Sa'id bin Jubayr said: "The Murji'ah are just like the Sabians".

It has also been mentioned that the predecessors mentioned that Irja came from a place in Iraq that is close to Harran which is the homeland of the Sabians.

The Sabians influence on the Jahmiyyah is made clear by their denying of the attributes of Allah, because this was taken by from the Sabians.

Ja'd bin Dirham was the first one that ascribed himself to Islam that denied the attributes of Allah, and he was from Harran.

Imam Ahmed said that the leaders of the philosophical Sabians lived in Harran.

The influence of Greek philosophy on the emergence of the sects is made clear through how it was transmitted through the followers of Judaism, Christianity, Sabianism and Zoroastrianism.

It was also transmitted through the translation of Greek books that introduced the philosophical legacy in the religion of the people.

It was taken by the sectarians and was a direct cause for the Kalam theology schools amongst the Muslims and it was a reason for the appearance of Mu'tazilah during the Abbasid era.

The influence of Shu'ubiyyah on the emergence of the sects is made clear by the fact that some non-Arabs, filled of hatred against the Arabs, said that they converted to Islam but they were in the matter of fact heretics.

They entered into the sects and some of them became leaders therein and this made them fall astray from the Sunnah and they slandered the authentic hadiths and the predecessors reported from them that they showed prejudice against the scholars of hadith and despised them.

The Indian influence on the emergence of the sects is made clear in the books of creed by the fact that Jahm was influenced by Sumaniyyah, which is from the Indian religions.

There are other kinds of influence also like Sufi innovations as begging, not working to make and earning, innovated Shawq and exaggeration in asceticism.