معركة الجليد عام 1242م بين روسيا و القوى الأوربية الكاثوليكية : الأسباب و النتائج

الملخص EN

This research studied one of the most important events in the history of Russia, which was known as the (Battle of the Ice 1242), which was part of the Crusades in the Middle Ages, and various circumstances and factors contributed to the outbreak of that battle, the most prominent of which was the religious factor, Since the Russians were Orthodox, so the Catholic crusaders tried to force them to leave the Orthodox teachings and adhere to the Catholic teachings, as well as the economic factor, as the Crusaders tried to control the city of Novgorod, one of the most important commercial centers in Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages,Consequently, all this gradually contributed to the outbreak of that battle in which Prince Alexander Nevsky, his military leadership and his political acumen had a clear impact on the victory of the Russians and the loss of the Crusaders, who were forced at the time to negotiate and accept peace.