الاستقراء و المذهب الذاتي : دراسة نقدية

الملخص EN

Talking about induction would involve many inquiries for two reasons; the first is that most of the fields of human knowledge are based on induction as it is the typical window through which the human mind overlooks most of human ideas and knowledge; and the second reason is that the process of moving from the specific to generic judgements, or from the seen to the unseen, is by itself triggering a puzzling problem, the value of which stands at the best case between certainty and probability, but in others it has fallen to the level of illusions as it will be shown later.

Furthermore, induction is the pattern in which the inductor's cognitive steps would start from the particulars, upwards, to the universals, and it is also the inference process in which the results come to be larger than the premises that that make them up.

It is therefore the opposite of syllogism; the cognitive path of the inductive reasoning is the reverse of the deductive one, as one could identify in the former a shift, that must be justified, from the specific to the generic.

From a different perspective, the Islamic philosopher al-Sadr (died 19A), and the founder of the subjectivism (which is a new epistemological doctrine that goes in contrast to the doctrines of rationalism and sensualism), advocates the possibility of delivering the inductive evidence to the threshold of certainty by enhancing the probabilities thereof; and in that al-Sadr's approach differs from John Stuart's, though they are both aiming at the same thing as it will be clear in the following pages.