التأثيرات الجغرافية على الحملة الصليبية السابعة 646 هـ 1248 م 648هـ 1250م

الملخص EN

The Crusades were and still do not dry for Arab and European researchers and historians because of their negative and positive effects on the political, military, intellectual, social and economic levels of all the conflicting parties.

This resaerch deals with the effects of geography on the course of the seventh crusade, which took place on the territory of Egypt and amid geographical topography, and the climate that had a negative impact on the conduct of the campaign directly, both parties tried to exploit it, and the geographical terrain has helped Muslims a lot of people on the ground.

They were able to exploit them and harness them according to military plans and tactics that helped them defeat the crusaders invaders, but the climate and weather changes were the sworn enemy of the Crusaders and we see clearly that many crusader ships did not dock in the ports specified for them as a result of the high winds that changed their destination, and many of them must have drowned by the sea, as well as we see that the Muslims tried hard to fight the Crusaders in the summer taking advantage of the high temperatures in their country affecting the activity of the fighters.

Crusaders from Europe have a direct impact as well as on their weapons.

The Muslims tried to use the weapon of water and use rivers and their branches in the construction of lakes and the excavation of roads that helped to obstruct the progress of the Crusader armies and their advance towards the main cities.

Geographical influences and topographic changes had a clear impact on the defeat of the Crusaders in Egypt and the failure of the Seventh Crusade, and the Crusaders did not succeed in drawing their plans on the status of that country.

On these variables we adopted in this study, and in the end we must not neglect the human factor among geographical factors, we see that when the ranks of Muslims are united under one banner they were able to expel the invaders from Egypt and the Levant.