الأساليب العثمانية المتبعة في تخطيط المدن الإسلامية خارج بلاد العرب إبان القرن (10ه 16م)‎

الملخص EN

The transition of power from the Seljuk Turks to the Ottomans, who return their origins to the Supreme grandfather Osman bin Ertugrul the real founder of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor and Anatolia, and who is the former of the emirate of Ottoman that spreads its influence east and west, taking upon itself to form a great empire that has taken Bursa political and administrative capital of the Ottoman Empire.

And then it expanded at the expense of property and influence of Persian and Byzantine empires and it led its armies into numerous military campaigns which carried the banner of Islam.

And it spread to beyond the Bosphorus and the Mediterranean Sea to the borders of the Adriatic, the city of Ornh was taken over and taken as a capital of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans .

It set up its oldest Ottoman Serail that represented the real authority of the Ottoman Empire in the southern part of eastern Europe and headed east toward ConstantinopleIt defeated the Byzantine Empire and established the ruling Islamic capital of the Ottoman Empire (Istanbul) in 1453,Therefore, the Ottoman rule in the Balkans is quite an important landmark in the field of Islamic architecture and city planning ,Since the first century of the Ottoman forces entered the city, Ornh – the European capital of the Ottoman Empire – small Ottoman states and cities were formed , developed and expanded in parts of southern and eastern Europe to becomeone of the major Islamic cities in Europe and one of the centers of Islamic culture and civilization, whose remains is still observed in most Balkan cities after the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the fall of the Islamic caliphate and its transformation into the pockets in each of Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia , Yugoslavia , Hungary , Albania , Herzegovina, Croatia , Serbia , Montenegro and the limits of the Adriatic Sea representing by the archaeological remains like the ancient mosques , the attached and the independent Islamic schools ,Islamic sciences and Hadith houses as well as the ruling buildings ,the headquarters of its administration and its service ,commercial , social and economical establishments represented by bridges ,Spans, markets, khans , public bathrooms, towers , walls , castles and the bridge clocks , all of them carried the Arabian style prevailed in the Islamic East during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras .The secret to perpetuate the plans of the Islamic cities in the Balkans and their architectural and planning components lies in the nature of the Ottoman administration and policy, which ruled for a long time exceeded (4) centuries characterized by being the document of many achievements and details of areas of Ottoman influence in Europe in both south and east parts represented by the Peninsula of Balkans .So that a lot of sources and references document the historical and archaeological aspects and examined and evaluated the policy of the Ottoman Empire and its administrative and archaeological procedures in the Balkans have counted at least a hundred Islamic cities emerging in the Balkans and documented its architectural and planning elements since the eighth century AH (14 century AD) and up to 13century AH (19 century AD) the date of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans in the southern and eastern Europe.