تطور الوعي القومي في الموصل أواخر عهد الدولة العثمانية

الملخص EN

The concept of national consciousnessis closely associated with the 1908 Ottomancoup and is paralleled by movementsof political thought of Arab nationalism.

Ithas its roots in pre-Islamic period for thepurpose of establishing the Arab nationalism.

Thereby, national consciousness refersto the political and social reality which ledthe Arto pursue political advancement.

Such advancement was associated withinitial phases of nationalism in the secondhalf of the nineteenth century and was representedby a political movement againstthe Ottoman rule.

This movement was espousedby Arab nationalists and supportedby the political and social conditions whichled to its enrichment and development.

Accordingly, the Arab nationalism was politicallyexpressed through the emergence ofnational consciousness particularly uponthe handover of the Committee of Unionand Progress in 1908, impeachment of SultanAbdul Hamid II, adoption of policy ofTurkification, and imposition of extremecentralization.

This led to the emergence ofsecret and public associations and partiesexpressing commitment towards and consciousnessof their rights.

National thought became clearly apparentin the states of Ottoman Empire dueto internal weakness within these states, challenges of Western colonialism, spreadof nationalist movements in Europe, emergenceof Turkishness movement in the OttomanEmpire particularly in the last yearsof Ottoman era, handover of the Federalists, and revitalization of the 1876 constitution.

This gave way to freedoms of thought, expression, political organization, and journalism.

National consciousness took on a unitarypath via calling for decentralized governance.

Another orientation called for theestablishment of autonomous Arab kingdomassociated with Ottoman Empire.

Further, another orientation called for establishmentof Arab caliphate, condemnationof Ottoman domination due to its unlawfulness, declaration of revolution on theTurks, and complete autonomy from OttomanEmpire.