تأطير صحيفتي (الأهرام والمصري اليوم)‎ للقضايا السياسية بعد 25 يناير 2011 : دراسة مسحية مقارنة

الملخص EN

The media, in all its forms, plays an important part in influencing the public opinion and shaping its direction.

The press plays an important role in the framework of addressing the significant political issues.

There is no doubt that addressing such issues is subject to a certain editorial opinion and policy and a specific framing based on the information outlet's owner, funding and political trend.

Under unstable political conditions in Egypt after January 25th, 2011 where the researcher has observed, through tracking the news and essays published in the newspapers supporting the existing political regime and other newspapers opposing it, that there are two opposing opinions as regards addressing the political issues that influence the Egyptian public opinion.

Thereby, the researcher had a research problem identified as: Studying the Egyptian newspapers 'coverage of the political issues after the 25th January, 2011.

This was through monitoring, describing, classifying and analyzing a sample of the news items that dealt with the Egyptian political issues by relying on the news framing analysis theory.

This study is an experiment, through which the researcher can analyze the means used by newspapers to address the political issues on the understanding that this has its effect on shaping the public opinion as regards the political issues after 25th January, 2011.

This is to contribute to research on the scientific and social levels.

The shall focus specifically on the analysis of the news items in the newspapers representing the sample of the study, given that this is in line with the news framing analysis theory, that this is appropriate for the nature of the subject matter of the study and that this helps conclude the depth of meanings, the symbols, words and phrases used.

In this respect, there shall be used the quantative indicators which shall pave the way for the qualitative analysis.

The frame of the study shall be the Egyptian national and private newspapers.

Further, the inspection unit shall be Al-Ahram and al-Masry al- Youm.

The study will reveal the characteristics of the media treatment of the political issues through two important newspapers with an important influence on the shaping of the Egyptian public opinion.

Additionally, the study will analyze the effect of media ownership and editorial policy on the method of addressing the political issues in terms of form and content.

Since the irruption of the January 25 Revolutionthe newspapers have dealt with issues, particularly the political issues, in a manner deferent from that which was used before the Revolution.

The researcher conducted a field survey targeting a study sample consisting of 30 persons with different specialties and political affiliations.

The survey population included specialists in the Egyptian political, economic, and social and media issues who deal with the two sample newspapers.

Based on the outputs of survey there were identified the most important political issues after the 25thJanuary 2011 Revolution, namely Mubarak's stepping down, demonstrations, million-participant-demonstrations, sit-ins, presidential elections, constitutional amendments, parliamentary elections, the 30th June Demonstrations, the Sinai events, terrorism and the dispersal of the Rabaa' Al- Adawiya sit-in.

The Output of the Study The demonstrations, sit-ins, million-participant-demonstrations have occupied the centre of the stage at a rate of 20.1% as regards the political issues addressed by the newspapers subject matter of the study after the January 25 Revolution; the events of the 25th January, 2011 and Mubarak's stepping down,17%,; the presidential elections, 14%; the constitutional referendum, 11.7%; the Parliamentary elections, 9.3%; 30 June demonstrations, 9%; Mubarak's stepping down, 7.3; Sinai events, 6,4%, and the dispersal of the Rabaa' Al-Adawiya sit- in, 5,2.

L In relation to the political issues, the press news came first at a rate of 76.1%; the press article,20.4%; the press report, 1.7%; news story, 1.4%; and then thenews section , 0.04%.

The study indicated the diversity of information sources relied upon by the newspapers subject matter of the study in their addressing the political issues after the January 25 Revolution.The press news featured prominently at a rate of 42.4%; the internal reporter, 32.5%; the book, 18.9; the news agencies, 2.8%; editor-in-chief, 2.3%; and then the anonymous news, 1.1%.

As far as the key influencers in the political issues viewed through the newspapers subject matter of the study the armed forces occupied the centre of the stage, followed by the Muslim Brotherhood, the demonstrators, Youth movements, Islamists, security bodies, political powers, the executive authority, religious symbols, political parties, citizens, former ministers and opinion leaders.

As regards the geographical scope of the political issues addressed by the newspapers subject matter of the study the coverage at the state level was at a rate of 77.3.

The researcher attributes this to the nature of the issues subject matter of the study.

For example, during the demonstrations of 25th January 2011 and the demonstrations taking placethereafter and events of 30 June the demonstrations and protests dominated all the governorates of Egypt.

This also was the case as regards the parliamentary and presidential elections and the constitutional amendments that took place all over the governorates, cities and villages of Egypt.

The coverage at the level of the governorates was at a rate of 19,3% while at the level of the city and village was at a rate of 3.4%.

The repetition and focusing method was at the top of all methods used to address the political issues in Al-Ahram at a rate of 60.4%; the method of interpretation and elaboration in the commentary, 19.2; the repetition method, 16%; the citation of evidence and facts, 13,6%; the repletion method, 6,7%; and the single aspect presentation method, zero cell.

The repetition and focusing method was at the top of all methods used to address the political issues in Al-Masry Al-Youm at a rate of 51,6%; the method of interpretation and elaboration in the commentary, 20%; the repetition method, 16%; the citation of evidence and facts, 9.9%; and the single aspect presentation method, 2.4%.

As regards the keywords expressing the political issues after the January 25th , 2011, in the newspapers subject matter of the study the word "snatching power" dominated the phrases used in Al-Ahram at a rate of32.6%; "a new constitution", 10.9%; " pull out " and " the national unity" were used equally at a rate of 9.8%; " bloody confrontation " and " electoral battle" were used equally at a rate of 8.1%; Al-Ahram highlighted the confrontations and bloody clashes between the demonstrators and the police that wantedto force the demonstrators to evacuate the squares and go back home.

The police shot the demonstrators as the case in Mohamed Mahmoud Street.

Al-Ahram also heighted the conflicts on the parliamentary elections 2012 between the so called remnants of the Mubarak Regime that used the political money to win votes and influence the electors, and the partisan and religious political powers, this being followed by "securing the elections", 9,8%; , and also " House of Representatives" , "presidential" , referendum on the constitution"; "the assassin", 7.3, where Al-Ahram called former Minister of Interior, Habib Al- Adly, as the assassin for his violent and repressive method used to deal with the youth, in this regard, the words "dictator" and "national unity" were equally used at a rate of 6.6%; "political uncertainty", 5.5%; "thugs attacks" , 5.1%; " popular committees" and trust" were equally used at a rate of 4.7%; "tyrant", 4.4%;and " shooting the demonstrators" and "fueling the demonstrations" were equally used at a rate of 4.3%.

The following words were used at a low rate: " cleansing the political regime, the fire of fanaticism, paralysis, shooting the demonstrators, the popular committees, cleansing the judiciary, violating the Sharia, restoring the Revolution, hijacking the Revolution, rumor makers, use of excessive force, bloody confrontation, securing the vital facilities, brokerage and bribing, security vacuum, assassin, closing the commercial shops, dispersal of demonstrations, conflicts, warning the instigators, the return of the army to its barracks, the psychological war against the people holding sit-ins, instigating people to hate the Revolution, strikes, waste of public fund, moderate Islamic project, integrity and transparency, building a modern state, strongly worded warning, violent attack, patrimony, defaming and insulting of the judiciary, infringement on the judiciary, explosive intellectual aggression, bribe and selling of votes, sectarian voting, conspiracy to spoil the elections, civil war, wearing masks, combating terrorism, referendum on the Constitution, Islamic Emirate, pipeline bombing, the remnants' reviving of tension, the conditions of the presidential elections, the army not being the alternate of legality and sit-in dispersal.

In Al-Masry Al-Youm the words " national dialogue" remained high at the top in the issue of calling the Military Council to the national dialogue to complete the road map at a rate of 13.7%; " national unity", 11.9%; "passing new laws", 10.3%; "constitutional amendments", 9.4%; "securing the elections", 8,4%; " the army being involved in the management of the state" and "the corrupt leaders" used equally at a rate of 8%; "sectarian voting", 7.4%; "looting and pillaging","tinkering with the constitution" , "capture power", and " making a new tyrant" being used equally at a rate of 6.9%; " the remnants' reviving tension", 5.9%; "popular committee" and 'stepping down" being equally used at a rate of 5.7%; " rotation of power", 5%; "road map", 4,4%; and "elections escalation", 4,3%.

The studypartiallycorroborated the first hypothesis which says that there are statistical differences between (Al-Ahram and Al-Masry Al-Youm) as regards the use ofthe frame of conflict during the coverage of the after 25th January 2011 Revolution period It also partially corroborated the second hypothesis which says that there are statistical differences between (Al-Ahram and Al-Masry Al-Youm) as regards the use of the type of frame( general frames, new frames related to the nature of the event) during the coverage of the after 25th January 2011 Revolution period.

The outputs of the study also partially corroborated the third hypothesis which says that there are statistical differences between (Al-Ahram and Al-Masry Al- Youm) in the mechanisms of framing used in the coverage of the after 25th January 2011 Revolution period.