نشأة و تطور الاحزاب و التجمعات السياسية في إيران بين عامي 1861- 1905

الملخص EN

The Rise and development of the political parties and gatherings in Iran is a natural product of the political developments in the country in the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

This led to the growth of the enlightened elite being affected by the actions in the neighboring countries especially those in the north and the deterioration of the political situation during the Qajar State since 1796 and the spread of sedition, rebels, and separation of many of the Iranian provinces.

Foreign prestige was one of the factors that led to the rise of these parties and gatherings together with the advent of modern communication means such as lightning, mail, and the industry of the news.

Adding new concepts such as revolution, constitution, democracy, parliamentary council, elections, political blocs, and others were the basics and norms utilized by the Iranian elite in their conflict with the Qajar regime.