موقف النجف الأشرف من السياسة العثمانية 1850-1914

الملخص EN

ntroduction: Najaf Al-Ashraf had positions opposed to the Ottoman policy during its last era ( - ).

Because of the policy of the Ottomans and their attempts to impose sectarianism on this city, and their quest to subject the religious authority there to their political authority.

The sons of Najaf realized that the Ottoman governors who were sent by the Istanbul government to Iraq were strangers to him and were only interested in ensuring the Ottoman interests and recruiting the people of the country in the Ottoman wars, especially against foreign countries, and obtaining the largest possible amount of money from Iraq's various states and cities, and he did not move The Ottoman governors remained silent during the external challenges that Najaf was exposed to, such as the Wahhabi invasion of it in and in the later stages.

Najaf Al-Ashraf also had its role in the growing political awareness and seeking to get rid of the hateful Ottoman domination, so it pledged to the methods of the Ottoman governor Namik Pasha ( - ), Wali Muhammad Rashid Pasha ( - ) and other Ottoman governors who tried to suppress its uprisings and movements and kill its leaders.

As a result of the violent Ottoman methods against the people of the city, reformist currents emerged that called for renewal, strengthening the national spirit, adhering to true Islamic values, and getting rid of the racist policy that the Ottomans were following against Iraqis in general, and the Najafis in particular.

The task of this research is to trace Najaf Al-Ashraf's position on the Ottoman policy in an important historical stage that extends from the second half of the nineteenth century until the British entered Basra and occupied it in as a result of the Ottoman Empire standing against the middle countries that were led by Britain, and the research revealed the response of this holy city The methods and means of the Ottomans against it, and their role in delegating the Ottoman policy and their ) 37 (.

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.0101-0581 uprisings against it until its fall in the First World War and obligating it in it.

Conclusion: Najaf Al-Ashraf contributed to the events that Iraq witnessed at the end of the Ottoman era, and was able to delegate the Ottoman authority through various activities and uprisings that made the Ottoman governors try to weaken the influence of the religious authority in it on the rest of the other regions of Iraq.

And whenever the Ottomans were preventing the end of the role of this holy city and trying to keep the state of backwardness, ignorance and disease among its sons, but the Najafis considered this part of the challenge that they had to face, so they took care of religious education in their mosques, preserved their classical Arabic language, and strengthened their political and cultural awareness.

They have their national and national positions.

The Najafis did not hesitate to participate in the campaign of donations to support the Libyan jihad movement against the Italian occupation in, and they contributed to the call for the liberation of Libya from the clutches of the Italian invaders through fatwas issued by religious scholars in the media, through which they called to participate in the war of the Italian infidels.

The Najafists had their role in the movement of political awareness and cultural enlightenment, and a number of men of the national movement emerged from them who were able to reveal the methods of (the Unionists who ruled the Ottoman Empire after the removal of Sultan Abdul Hamid II from power in, and during the subsequent years until the outbreak of the First World War, Najaf Al-Ashraf played a role In exposing the tyrannical racist policy pursued by (the Unionists) against the Ar, whether in Iraq or in the rest of the Arab regions, such as the Levant.

This advanced awareness prepared the sons of Najaf to participate in other events and dangerous developments that Iraq went through during the First World War ( - ), so the Najafis participated in the jihad movement against the British in response to the call of Islam and the directives of the religious authority, although the Ottomans did not achieve this holy city in particular and Iraq in general.

For four centuries except backwardness, disease and ignorance, the Najafis preferred to fight alongside the Ottomans against the British infidels, which indicates their political awareness ) 37 (.

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.0101-0581مكقؼ النجؼ الاشرؼ مف السياسة العثمانية and their preference to fight against the main enemy and the decline of their contradiction with the Ottomans because the stage was from them.