الاتجاهات الفكرية في الاستشراق والمدارس الاستشراقية الأوربية والأمريكية

الملخص EN

The aim of the research is to know the concept of orientalism in one of its cognitive paths, and to re-represent and reformulate the values, concepts and ideas related to past aspects of Arab-Islamic history that were put forward in western schools, which attempted to consolidate western visions and propositions to make them the true representation of this history, and thus ignore any Arab historical vision and Islamic, and how Arab historians and thinkers specialized in orientalism confronted it and criticized it.

as for the problem that this research raises, it lies in the relationship between history and the roots and development of orientalism, and it posed questions, namely: 1- study the concept of orientalism, its historical roots, terminology and concepts.

2- the most prominent trends of knowledge of the European orientalist schools, the early orientalists (traditional), and the new orientalists (the modernists), their interests and their scientific output.

as for the research method, it was based on the historical method, which is the method that studies and analyzes the historical facts that are included in the research.

the development of analyzes of the historical facts that were narrated about orientalism and the orientalist schools.

the results of the research indicate that the Arab historian in the study of orientalism must in all cases not deviate from Islamic constants and historical facts in civilization and Arab-Islamic history, no matter how attracted by the intellectual material in western studies and orientalist visions in order not to go far behind the ideas and analyzes of others who have their convictions.

subjectivity, their political temperament and their literary and intellectual inclinations that do not agree with the historical truth, which cannot be changed according to moods and political purposes, and that orientalism is no longer in its historical or literary dimension, but today it has become more dangerous as the historical dimension is mixed with the religious dimension to reach political purposes in some cases in an ingrained manner.

values based on the structural historical dimension of political gains.

the recommendations presented by the research are the necessity to develop oriental studies in institutes and universities in Arab countries, to send students from the departments of history to study orientalism and orientalists in Europe and the united states, to publish Arab universities, institutions and academic societies books and theses for studies on orientalism in its various subjects, and to encourage postgraduate students to study it dealt with issues of orientalism and sober scientific research with objectivity and scientific methodology.