العنف السياسي لدى الفرق الباطنية في العصر العباسي الثاني 232-656هـ 847-1258م

الملخص EN

The issue of Caliphate is one of the most controversial topic that Muslims struggled on, since the establishment of Islamic state, which the prophet (PBUH) initiated its foundations.

The strife increased during the Caliph Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib and his conflict with Umayyden that ended with Umayyden victory, which led to the emerging of parties and sects that multiplied in numbers.

After non- Arabs nationals joined Isla Umayyad faces Shi’ah, Khawarij and other parties roughly.

That led them converted their activities in far places till the establishment at Abbassid state which raised slogan Call to, Alal-Bayt, Abbasid ruled the state alone without their cousins Alawites.

This led to more confrontations and divisions, In the late Abbasid era, power and sultan transferred to non- Arab.

Many regions were recessed from Baghdad.

The activities of the opposing groups increased vividly, some raised slogan of the Call for Al al- Bayt to achieve their goals.

Some raised call for social justice and equality to attract common people.

They all involved in violence and terrorism.