الموقف الدولي من استخدام الغازات السامة في حلبجة 1988م

الملخص EN

The Halabja case is one of the most important issues that occurred during the Iran-Iraq conflict of 1980-1988 in a broader sense in the history of the Kurds.

The city of Halabja was one of the Kurdish cities that was subjected to Iraqi and Iranian bombardment.

This came as part of a military campaign called "Al-Anfal Campaign, " which was led by Iraqi forces in eight successive phases in six months.

Iraqi forces were able to control Halabja and its surrounding areas after the chemical bombardment of the city on March 15 and 16, 1988.

Iranian forces responded with chemical shelling to Iraqi forces stationed at Halabja on 30 and 31 March 1988.

Many States and international organizations have condemned the use of these prohibited gases against civilian populations.

The importance of the research is to shed light on the extent of the crimes committed in Iraq by the two warring forces and their use of internationally prohibited weapons and the impact on the population of Halabja, and to demonstrate the international position of inaction in halting the use and criminalization of these weapons.

The study followed a historical, analytical, inductive and descriptive method to establish the truth about what happened in Halabja and the Iranian allegations to win international public opinion with the aim of imposing sanctions on the Iraqi government.

The focus was on clarifying the international position on the use of toxic gases, including the position of Iraq, Iran, Britain, the United States and the United Nations.

The study yielded several conclusions, including: that the use of gases was by the two warring powers, different international reactions, and Iran's success in accommodating the issue to its benefit, among other effects.