نظريات نشأة الحضارة: الفحص التاريخي: توينبي أنموذجا

الملخص EN

In this article, we will stand on the most important theories that explain the emergence of civilizations, and review the two most important theories that tried to prove the validity of their claim that they were a direct reason for the star of civilizations, namely the theories of racial superiority and the environment, and we will see Toynbee to refute these claims, and that behind this great transformation in the life of primitive man and human societies is another incentive other that material origin that made them take their first steps towards civilization.