أثر الهدايا و الإعانات في تحسين العلاقات التجارية بين بني الأحمر و بني زيان (7-9 ه-13-15 م)‎

الملخص EN

This article discusses; In the impact of gifts and subsidies on improving the commercial relationship between Bani al-Ahmar and Bani Zayan, according to data that both sides were apprehensive about the neighboring states that had the intention of greed for the bounties of the two countries; By virtue of the proximity Of the kingdom of Banu al- Ahmar to the Christian Iberian kingdoms and the ambitions of Castile and Aragon in the rest of the king of Banu al- Ahmar in Andalusia, and the centering of Banu Zayan in a location opposite to it and extending south to westerm Sudan, with this dite the trade relationship between them diversied, with the two countries of agricultural materials and Industrial ideas, and this is by searching for the best in food, clothing and weapns, and all of its money to improving the lives of citizens of citizens of the two kingdoms.

they aimed really to confront the crusader camsader campaigns(so-called wars of Reconquista ).