Addition in modern Standard English and syndesis (al’atf)‎ in modern standard Arabic : a contrastive analysis

الملخص EN

The present study is an analysis of addition in Modern Standard English (henceforth MSE) and synthesis (al’atf) in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA).

In English, there are particles showing the sense of addition, e.g., and, moreover, in addition (to), furthermore, etc… On the other hand, Arabic has only nine letters concerning atf-anasak, the type of syndetic which is under investigation.

The results the researcher arrived at are four similarities and nine differences.

The similarities lie in: (i) The definition that concerns addition and synthesis, (ii) The sharing of the particles of addition and letters of synthesis in showing other meanings rather than the one under discussion, (iii) The particles or letters that are used with singular or plural, and (vi) Negation.

The differences are counted in: (i) The parts of speech showing addition and synthesis, (ii) Their sentence positions, (iii) The conditions that govern both addition and synthesis, (iv) The number of addition particles compared with the letters of synthesis, (v)Whether there are words or phrases that imply the meaning of addition and synthesis, (vi) The kinds of synthesis and that of addition, (vii) The punctuation marks used with them, (viii) Where and how to use negation in both terms, and (ix) The extra certain elements occurring with letters of synthesis and addition.

The present research comprises four sections besides the introduction.

Section one identifies addition in Modern Standard English (henceforth MSE).

Section two talks about synthesis in Modern Standard Arabic (Henceforth MSA).

Section three is contrastive analysis of the study, ie, shows points of similarities and differences between the two grammatical terms in MSE and MSA.

The final section is devoted to the conclusions and recommendations.