نشاط العيون و الطلائع في الأندلس خلال عهد الإمارة و الخلافة 138-422 ه-755-1031 م

الملخص EN

Rulers and sultans.

everywhere and every time.

persisted in streng thening their nations depending on a large number of spies to collect the information that would be an active device to determine the nature of the struggle between the ruling in statute and the opposition .It could sometimes be one of the most important pene tration devices.

And.

at other times, it cauld be Used in discarding opponent characters , in addition to spreading rumaurs and achieving the moral collapse of the antagonistic powers.