قد : استعمالاتها، دلالاتها، شروطها و الخلاف حولها

الملخص EN

The aim of this study is to discuss the properties of qad in Arabic as a particle of certainty and as a noun.

By default, qad is most commonly used as a particle of certainty which introduces the present and past tense forms of the verb.

It is never used with the future structures.

When introducing verb forms, qad always indicates a degree of certainty with the past.

The same occurs with the present tense if the verb indicates one of the actions of Allah.

This meaning of certainty may also extend to actions of human beings if the context has evidence of that.

This meaning may stand alone.

It may, however, exist with another meaning such as intensification, reduction, expectation, approximation, or even with two meanings such as expectation and approximation.

The study reviews the main points of disagreement over the various meanings of qad in addition to the dispute over its negative meaning and use as an interrogative particle.

The study attempts to clarify the status of qad by balancing between different points of view.

Also it discusses the properties of the present and the past forms of the verb which are associated with qad.

The study then discusses the properties of the nominal qad.

It shows its possible meanings as a noun with a meaning near to the meaning of ‘just’ and as a verbal noun with a meaning near to the meaning of ‘enough’.

Finally, the study explains the possible assimilation of / d / sound into emphatic / t / sound in certain structures.