نزعة الشك عند اليونان في العصر الهيللينستى : المبرر و الغاية

الملخص EN

The Greek mentality was characterized by thinking of and searching for the identity and existence of this universe.

This v/as done through the philosophers' efforts starting from Thaiis’s philosophical thinking till the end of the Hellenic Age with Aristotle's death and also with the reach of the Greek philosophical thinking to its acme.

During that period, many problems appeared from time to time during the any tries to explore the secret of this universe and this existence.

Since man's existence in this broad and vast universe which includes uncountable branches of knowledge and stimuli, he possesses perception devices to receive such stimuli which are sometimes apparent and at other times not.

For example, man uses his eyes to see images of things, and also uses his mouth to taste other thing.s.

So, he knows that he can use his eyesight to see colours and images of things and he can use his taste to distinguish sweetness and bitterness of things.

So, it has become clear for man that every single sense can recognize a certain side of this vast existence.

But then, man has Icnowr.

that certain things could be recognized by using more than one sense.

For example, he can recognize quantitv' with both his eyesight and touch.

And also, he can recognize motion witii both his eyesight and hearing.

So, man has knov/ii that some senses cooperate to recognize or perceive some external sciisory impressions.

But man asks himself ; who gives me the certainty that I can realize now? It has become clear for him that there are apparent as well as nonapparent senses lhat he can use to realize perception.

But another cognitive problems has also appeared; if these sense can reaii/c the external impressions, who can distinguish these sensations and feelings For exampie, the eye reaiizes coicur, but what is the cognitive device through which the eye distinguishes blacic from v.’hite? Then, he realizes that there is another device to recognize realizations which knows the truth of things; this device has been called "Mind".

However, man quickJy raises another question: if senses and mind can both realize things, then what is the device which can reach and realize the truth of things? Here, a t\vo-sided problem a rises the first is that the realization of the external senses is variable and changeable.

The second is that the realization of mind is constant and unchangeable.

This makes the changeable for the untrue and the permanent for the true.

Thus man has distinguished a fake variable apparent existence from a true permanent mysterious one.

The former is realized by sense and the latter is realized by mind.

But with the development of human knowledge, it is realized that existence is in a constant movement.

Thus, another conflict arises, Under the conflict of realizing the stability and change or persistence and variability, another conflict arises be^veen the presence known by sense and the unknown by mind.

Then man tried to realize the iLi cXistcncc W'tii a puTC metaph^T'tCSi ‘nstinct searching for living in a better world.

Another means of knowledge became clear for man which is the human psythe itself !f the hum.an psyche is purified of its lusts, it can realize an unseen world and justify this by methods that are unverifiable experimentally.

Out of this tremendous amount of cognitive process and its tools, each team has developed their supporters and defenses that rely on certainty some times and on uncertainty at other times.

But instead of basing on t.me defenses for the cognitive process, each team avoided that and used uncertain methods to prove one right away from, an other.

For instance, the mental or intellectual approach has adopted the dogmatism of the mental knowledge and invalidated the perceptual knowiecigc anci viccvei'Sa.

The conuict between tne two groups has ornnp tr> thf PYf.^nt fhr?f pvprv rn nrove their riaht in existence even if they used flimsy methods.

This situation led to the acDearance of a new team so as to reconciliate betvveen the two All these conflicts have led to disorders and some people have scaited to search for another trend to be able to cope with existence.

This team appeared after Aristotle's death in 'TYY B.C.

during the Greek Hellenistic Age by those who adopt Skepticism trying to find the ideal way to human happiness.

They have found this in clarifying the flimsy arguments for those who claim the mental or sensory knowledge to pave the way to suspect these cognitive tools.

Based on this, Skepticists adopt a different approach to find tranquility.

But then, even this tendency has suffered from an internal conflict.

It has used its cognitive tools to invalidate the arguments of the other conflicting approaches claiming that it rejects these cognitive approaches.

But in fact, this movem.ent uses the same tools to prove its evidence.

Starting from, this point, the researcher commits him.self to study Skepticism in the view of the Greeks in the Hellenistic Age.

He tries to think of this iTitelicctual period and make clear its signincance by answering the foHow'ing questions; - what is the meaning and significance of Skepticism? What are its roots and ciiaracteristics in the view or the Greek? - What is the concept of Skepticisni accordiiig lo Byrun and Timon? What is the concept of Skepticism for the new academy approach? 'Ahut ss the concept of Skcpticisni for Anassusnius und Agribea? What is the concept of Skepticism for sexstas and Embricus? What i.s the end of Skepticism? The researcher uses the analytical method in this study to unveil the features of Skepticism, the important justifications of its existence and its historical and cognitive importance trying to Lnow the end they call for.

Under this approach, is Skepticism chai'acterized by Reasonableness? Or does it deviate to be in the clutches of cognitive fanaticism?