تجارة الأناضول في عصر سلطنة سلاجقة الروم (470-708ه 1077-1308م)‎

الملخص EN

This study tackles the trade of Anatolia during the Seljuk era (1077-1308).

The study focuses on the commercial situation and other issues which are relevant to it.

This is due to the fact, that the commercial situation was considered one of the most significant factors that support the progress of economy in Minor Asia, this area which is famous for its strategic political and economic position, in fact, controls many of the major international trade routes on the one hand, and it is also considered as a transit way for the Caravan trade between East and West on the other hand.

Besides, it is considered as a continuity of the expansion of the Islamic World and at the same time it links the Islamic world with the European Western World.

Thus, this study shows the main routes and trade ways both the regional and the international ones.

Moreover, the study also sheds light on the trade routes both in sea and land which led to Anatolia and passed through its lands in all directions which form a net that facilitates goods - transfer and revive the import and export processes.

Moreover, the study reveals the nature of the international commercial relations regardless if these countries were Islamic, such as Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Persia, or non-Islamic countries, such as Byzantium and the Armenian Kingdoms and Kafjak.

Also, the influence of the political relations on the commercial trade was discussed both positively and negatively.

Besides, the commercial intermediacy appeared during the political conflicts and the international Olimmas which reached their climax between the Seljuks and their neighbors.

Moreover, the negotiators of trade such as the Venecians and Genoans and the provence, played a direct role in the reviving of the commercial movement of the Seljuks.

This fact resultes in many benefits on the trade which progressed at that time The commercial establishments represents one of the major aspects that reveal the Seljuks interest in their international and local trade as well.

They encouraged the role of this trade by building new roads and fixing and mending the old ones.

The study highlights the most important establishments such as the markets, shops inside and outside their areas.

Finally, the study discussed some of the difficulties that faced the trade then especially during the European and Mogolian conquests of Anatolia.

Examples of such problems are theft, piracy, inner rebellions, the environmental condition and finally immigration.

The study shows how the Seljuks dealt with these emergent obstacles and how they ensured the safety of their trade routes during their rule \