معرفة زراع الحنطة بالتوصيات العلمية و الإرشادية في مجال استخدام الأسمدة الكيميائية و علاقتها ببعض المتغيرات : أطراف مدينة أربيل

الملخص EN

The aim of the research was to determine the knowledge level of the wheat growers to the scientific and extension recommendations in the field of using chemical fertilizers and its relationship with some variables / around Erbil city, and to determine the knowledge level of growers to each type of fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, trace elements, foliar fertilizer by macro elements) during last three years ago, also to find out the existing weaknesses points, also to identify the characteristics of respondents (independent factors) and determine the relationship between knowledge level for wheat growers and all of independent factors of the following (age, educational level, annual income, area of the land cultivated with wheat, yield ton per hectare, number of years working in the field wheat cultivation (experience), the sources of information on which the farmers and extension programs are depending on.To achieve the objectives of the research, a proportionally class random sample were selected for (100) growers (approximately 1.34%) of the (7461) growers of wheat in the villages belonging to the districts and sub districts around the city of Erbil.

The growers were distributed on three districts, the knowledge level scale for the wheat growers was built upon scientific references and relevant extension publications and opinions of a group of specialists in the field of fertilizing and soil fertility at the soil and water department and specialists at the field crops department, and it was included (54) paragraphs distributed to (5) pivots in the field of chemical fertilizers using for wheat crop, and reached the scale limitation was between (0-54) degrees, and a questionnaire form was used to collect data from wheat growers.

The data were analyzed using including (SPSS) of statistical methods.

The research results indicated that the degree of knowledge among the surveyed wheat growers (19-47) degree and the mathematic mean (29.74) score and standard deviation (7.587) degrees, although their level of knowledge is described as a medium, and also difference were obtained in the knowledge levels of the growers in the pivots of knowledge, the pivot of the level of knowledge in the field of the use of phosphorus fertilizer and its impact was in the first rank, followed by the level of knowledge pivot of in the field of the use of nitrogen fertilizers came in second rank, the level of knowledge in the field of foliar fertilizer (macro elements) in third rank, then the level of knowledge in the field of the use of trace fertilizers came in the fourth rank, while the level of knowledge in the field of the use of potassium fertilizers came in the last.

The Search results indicated there is a significant positive relation between the level of knowledge of surveyed growers with the following independent factors (educational level, annual income for wheat cultivation, the wheat crop yield ton per hectare, information sources on which they depend farmers), a contrary significant relation was obtained between knowledge level of the growers and all of the following independent factors (age, number of years of working in the wheat cultivation (experience)), also a non-significant relation between the level of knowledge of the growers and holding area of wheat cultivation was obtained.

The research recommend to guide the growers to use potassium fertilizers and using trace elements fertilizers and also using foliar fertilizer by macro elements with scientific and extension recommendation by conducting training courses and implementation of different extension programs, and these programs and activities should include different methods of extension communication and methods of presentation of the material and the successful scientific agriculture equipment for the use of chemical fertilizers and its results, as well as display the negative effects or problems that occurred as a result of using of fertilizers in a non scientific and extension methods for fertilizers such as potassium, trace elements and foliar fertilizers, and the extension institutions should pay more attention and importance to spared and distribute the agricultural technologies in this field among the growers in general and especially wheat growers to control the collapse of the cultivated lands with wheat due to lack of yield per hectare, and to increase attention on the lands cultivated with wheat to increase yield and approach the global standards, also soil, water and fertilizer departments should pay more attention to agricultural extension subject to control the production and increase the yield per do hectare more than the existing yield in order to reach the international standards.

And to conduct studies to provide agricultural inputs to growers in the agriculture departments and branches and agricultural companies and other agriculture ports of fertilizer for ground and foliar and organic fertilizer and in quantities needed by the growers at reasonable prices and in a time to be distributed to growers in general and wheat growers in particular, and to be subsidized by the government and the concerned ministries.