التطورات السياسية في إنكلترا في عهد ماري تيودور (1553-1558)‎

الملخص EN

considered as the most distinguished era of the history of England; Mary was the first women who had ascended the English throne till she reached the eighty seventh year of her age, she was the firstborn of the King Henry VIII from his wife Catherin Aragon, she was born in 1516, she had played an important role during the reign of her father King Henry VIII( 1509-1547) and her brother King Edward VI(1547-1553), she was deprived of her right of inheriting her father after her parents’ divorce, yet she regaining it after the issue of inheritance new law 1544.

Mary Tudor had played an important role in the events in and out of England during the era of King Edward VI where she was the opposition center against the religious policy that her brother, King Edward VI, had followed, it was too difficult to leave the doctrine that she believed on and opposed her father for it and which her mother had believed on till her death, yet King Henry VIII had not force Mary or her mother to convert their doctrine.

Also King Edward VI had not punished his sister Princess Mary due to their deep relation, firstly, and due to the status of Mary as an inherent of England throne, secondly.

Those who had insisted on their Catholic doctrine, forced to accept the Protestantism as a new doctrine and who believed on her right as an inherent of England throne, after her father`s death, were her supporters.

The role of the Roman Emperor Charles V, who was the strong foreign supporter of Mary, could not be neglected.

Her refusal of the new doctrine represented a serious danger for the religious future of England, where King Edward VI had worked hardly to diffuse the Protestantism by issuing the book of prayer, so Mary had faces many attempts to deprived her of her power especially when Duck of Northumberland deduced King Edward VI to issue new inheritance law to inherit Jane Gray the country throne after him.

All those attempts had gone with the wind.

Queen Mary Tudor had ascended the throne in 1553, where her first task was to recover the Catholic doctrine, so she had released the catholic leaders such as Stevin Gardener the Bishop of Winchester and Bonier the bishop of London.

She had allowed the Protestants to leave England, yet she imprisoned those who had stayed in England including Tomas Cranmer, Hio Latmeer, John Hoper and Nikolas Ridly.

Moreover she had eliminated the married clergy men and appointing the catholic clergy men who had lost their jobs during the era of King Edward VI.

Queen Mary Tudor had expressed her desire of marriage to get an inherent and to get a supporter to control the country; the Spanish King Philip II was the aimed husband to obtain her aims in spite of the opposition of the English parliament who had considered this marriage Spanish attempt to use the men and money of England.

Thomas White had used this marriage as a reason for the revolution of 1554 to dethrone her and appoint Elizabeth, yet this revolution had ended with the execution of its leaders and that forced Queen Mary to change her religious policy issuing a decision that considered the Catholicism as the base of their religion and the opponents would be punished by burning.

A set of the bishops had been executed such as John Rojjers, Latmeer, John Hoper and Cranmer as they were the protestant leaders, with about three hundred of the English protestant9 (1554-1558).

For her foreign policy, England had entered, as an ally to Spain, in a useless war against France, where England had suffered a serious financial loss in addition to the loss of Calia as the last stronghold for England in France.

Hence, the policy of Queen Mary Tudor was not positive, she did not obtained her aims in or out of England, she lost her popularity as a queen and the people called her the bloody Mary, and most of the English had convert their catholic doctrine.

Moreover her foreign policy had resulted in destroying the navy reputation of England especially after the loss of Calia