النساخون في قرطبة من الفتح حتى نهاية الخلافة (92-422 ه 711-1031 م)‎

الملخص EN

The Andalusians were interested in collecting books, acquiring them and setting up libraries.

the market of Cordoba was one of the most famous and most important markets.

the caliphs in Andalusia were interested in establishing libraries and the great number of the Arab east books were transferred.

scientists and scholars have transferred and translated many of these books in various sciences and knowledge.

the spreading of the papers industry in Andalusia has helped in spreading books and flourishing scientific life, thus, the numerous of the works have copied.

it is important to note that Andalusia was famous for paper mills.

therefore, Muslims of Andalusia and Muslims of Sicily have transferred that industry from Baghdad to Europe, as well as they have moved it to Italy and France, and others.

Andalusian copyists have left the rich heritage associated with their creativity in the copying and its techniques since they took their alphabets and taught by Muslim Arabs.

and the books were copying in large numbers, and each library has own copies.

there are important writers who worked in the copying.

the several types of pens were used for copying, such as: the pen, the ivory pen, the reed pen, the metal feather, and others.

the most prominent copyists in Andalusia used the original Arabic ink, including the medium made of smoke, tannins and gum.

as well as they were inspired by the Arabs in other types of inks who they had invented them in the Abbasid era which are corresponding with the nature of the manuscripts and papers used at that time.