تأثير الأنشطة البشرية على الغطاء النباتي في مدينة مكة المكرمة باستخدام تقنيتي الاستشعار عن بعد و نظم المعلومات الجغرافية

Abstract EN

Human activities effect on the vegetation in Makkah city, in sometimes a positive and other times negative, leading to vegetation increased or degradation in the city.

Therefore, this study sought to identify the amount of change in the coverage and density of vegetation in Makkah, the detection of human activities affecting the vegetation, and to clarify the most places that's where vegetation is affected by human activities, identify positive and negative effects of human activities on vegetation, with the assistance of Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques.

For that the researcher obtained two images for the years 2004 and 2015, captured by the satellite SPOT-5, and the statements of the Holy Makkah municipality, then all the data were used for analysis using Optimized soil index-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI).

The results showed that the study area suffer from poverty in vegetation, where OSAVI rate was 0.080 in 2004, while it was 0.005 in 2015.

Also found that about 12.80% of the total area in 2004 is covered with plants -planted and natural-, while more than 87% of the city total area was free of vegetation (bare).

In 2015 it has receded vegetation area so that ratio did not exceed 4.65% of the city total area.

As it turned out low of coverage area of very dense, dense and medium vegetation, as the increase did not exceed 1% of the city total area.

The study found that more human activities that impact on vegetation was urbanization, Where proportion of built up area increased from about 25.53% of the city total area in 2004 to about 32.13% of the city total area in 2015.

It turns out that to create rain water dams and drainage of flood water in some of the valleys of Makkah, a positive role in increasing of vegetation density.

There was negative effects due to roads construction, whereby it led to regression of vegetation space in the city.

Also found that the most influential services in vegetation are auto scrap shops, auto repair shops, factories.

The study is showed that there is no Agriculture and herding impact on vegetation in Makkah..

The study recommended at the end; of the need to preserve the vegetation and protection from the encroachment of some human activities such as the urban expansion and road construction.