أثر البيئة في ظهور المدينة و نشوء الدولة في بلاد الرافدين

الملخص EN

The geography of Mesopotamia and its diverse environments gave the region unique advantages that enabled it to be the cradle of civilization and gave it preference to be the first place in the world where cities are born and kingdoms and states arise.

Archaeologists and researchers have noted early on that the ancient civilizations were all on the banks of rivers from Mesopotamia to the Nile Basin to the banks of Sind, northern China, Central America and northern Peru.

Several theories emerged to explain the emergence of the state.

The most important is the ecological theory that the civilizations that emerged and developed in river basins surrounded by dry areas such as Euphrates and Nile are similar in evolutionary stages.

They all rely on irrigation technology.

They start in the form of small villages and develop until they reach the highest levels Which leads to the establishment of the state and the temple where religious rites and rituals are held.

There is the hydraulic theory that ancient civilizations were founded primarily as a necessity for the construction of water projects to bring irrigation water through large channels of rivers to their basins and valleys of.

The construction of large water projects as required by the financing of large numbers of workers, artisans and professionals in various disciplines and coordination among them requires authoritarian rule strong able to impose order and discipline on everyone, and the imposition of excise and royalties and the sources of the necessary funding.

The management of water resources in river civilizations and the management and coordination required for them have been well cared for and cared for by ancient societies.

Water is no different from the other components necessary for agriculture such as climate, relief and soil fertility.

However, water is an important factor especially in river basins Dry environment because it is a controllable resource and its size, management and drainage.

These dry areas of the adjacent river and turning them into fertile agricultural areas necessitates large irrigation and drainage projects that are managed and implemented by a central authority.

Therefore, those with authority over water resources on everything from trade to industry to property rights.

The power was initially in the hands of the oppressed but gradually turned into a civil authority supported by the army and supported by the clergy.

This authority takes over control of wealth resources and reduces the role of private property and all centers of power and influence that do not fall Under the hands of the state.

These communities begin strong and creative in the early stages, but they quickly retreat and turn into rigid entities and then collapsing and to begin a new cycle under a new authority.