العلمانية و خطاب التأسيس في الفلسفة السياسية الحديثة

Abstract EN

Secularism as an Idea What it would have been had it not been for the founding speech of modern political philosophy in Europe, which was initiated by a group of philosophers, the most prominent of which were three, who produced ideas that were decisive in moving to modernity with their democratic and secular wings.

The first philosopher, Thomas Aquinas, Between the laws of nature and society and the divine will.

The second philosopher was Nicolas Machiavelli, who built the holy place on political practice, and the third philosopher was Benedict Spinoza, who explicitly called for the separation of religion and state affairs.