الرؤية السردية في رواية (واحة الغروب)‎ لبهاء طاهر

Abstract EN

This research is oriented to study the narrative vision (focalization) in the Sunset Oasis novel by Bahaa Taher.

The novel analyzed via examining the used focalization types either internal, external, or accompanying.

Further, it elucidates how the narrative angel has been alternatively changing among those types throughout the text.

This research elaborates the role of focalization in this novel.

It spots the light on multiplicity of voices and its impact on ideological conflicts in literature.

Therefore, the research divided into a theoretical section, an applied section, an introduction, and a conclusion.

The theoretical approach starts from an explanation of the term narration, which means the way the story moves from the narrator to the narrator for him at a certain angle, to reach the origin of focalization concept and its meaning.

Which is the specific angle from which the author tells us his story via the narrator; however, it differs according to the angel, and each difference in its angel generates a difference in the narration made by the narrator.

The research continues in theoretical part to represent the focalization types relying on Gerar Genit's classifications.

The first type is zero focalization: used in classic narrative, where the narrator knows everything.

The second one is the inner focalization: the focalization in this section could be single, multiple, or variable.

The third section is the external focalization: the narrator transmits the event without allowing us to know the hero's thoughts or feelings, and the opinion of critics about each section.

The advantage of its division lies in the sub-sections that he presented for the accompanying vision, as he divided the accompanying vision into three sections as well, namely (single focus, variable focus, and multiple focus), and it is an objective vision appropriate to the multiple angles of the narration in the novel The research then turns to the applied section that analyzes the angles of the variable and multiple internal focalizations; the narrator Mahmoud, Catherine, Sheikh Yahya, Alexander, and Sheikh Saber.

The disparity in the transmission of the narrative angle between the narrators and it highlights the ideological conflicts that the narrators are fighting for, also the role of internal dialogues in revealing their ideas.

Later it shows the event at which the angle of narration changed from variable to multiple focalizations, the reason for this change in angle, and the reflection of this change on clarifying events.

Then the research illustrates the types of voices and their categorization.

The five voices are opposing voices, begins with Mahmoud and Catherine: the parallel utilitarian framework that tells two opposing civilizations.

The second category is Alexander's voice that came from the history, so that Sheikh Yahya is the voice of knowledge and contrasting to him the voice of ignorance by Sheikh Saber.

Finally, the research present the benefits of variable and multiple internal focalization.

It provided the habits of internal characters, the ability to rearrange the story according to different views, persuade the recipient of the characters; their behaviors and ideas, then the conclusion came to emphasize the functional benefit of the text; it enabled him to present the internal and external characteristics of the characters in a realistic and convincing way.

The text also created an aesthetic distance that broke the horizon of the reader's expectation, as he moved the angle of vision from its realistic aspect to a new aspect that violates the laws of logic, by mention the figure of Alexander.

As a result, to answer the research questions that placed in the introduction and emphasize the ability of internal focus (variable and multiple) on the technical, aesthetic and functional impact in the text and in the recipient at the same time.

Key words: Focalization, narrative vision, multiplicity of voices, sunset oasis, internal focalization, external focalization, accompanying focalization.