المعنى و المرجع في علم الدلالة : دراسة نقدية

Abstract EN

Some problematic issues raised in semantics, the study of meaning are represented in the relation of significance to the signified (outside world).

These issues can be summarized as follows: 1- significance is the same as the signified this proves to be false simply because of the clear difference between the cognitive meaning and its signified found in the outside world 2- significance has a variety of references in the sense that a signifier not determine its signified It has become clear that significance reflects directly only one outside world reality whose concept is taken out from.

3- significance does not represent reality in a direct way it has been proven that significance is a mental visualization which discloses character rustics signified to be fully represented in mind.

4- words do not have an independent significance without begin used it is only usage through which words gain their significance This paper has confirmed that some words have their own independent significance such independent significance is understood when words are used and comprehended out of context.

Hence usage does not give significance to forms which originally do not have their own independent significance.

Therefore it has become clear that significance of words already exists before usage and it is taken from the outside world.

5-Ignorance of the reference of prepositions.

The paper has found out that prepositions have relational significance between two independent concept and these prepositions do not carry any independent meaning out of context .

The research has ascertained the reference or the signified in the outside world is crucial to the semantic research.

Out of this end, the following consequences are reached at : 1-Without the outside world reference, mind cannot get significance of things.

2-Reference has variant from, sensible, abstract, unrealistic, and verbal.

3-Types of significance have outside world references that would be direct like the lexical reference which is taken out from the signified, or like an indirect reference as in the syntactic and grammatical significance.

4-Noune and pronouns have known references in sentences where they do not but refer to one signified.

5- A declarative sentence has more than one reference represented by all its independent words, references.

The whole reference is regarded as the relation of parts of such a sentence.

6-Other types of sentences have their own full significance between two or more concepts, but they do not have references.