الإصلاحات و بداية حركة التنظيمات في عهد السلطان عبد المجيد الأول 1839-1861م

Abstract EN

By the end of the seventeenth century, following the defeats that the Ottoman empire suffered from 1683, its retreat in its second siege of Vienna, and the European forces coalition formed against it, it became clear that Europe had excelled in different fields, while the Ottoman mindset remained rigid.

The Ottoman State got even more backward because it used to spend a lot on the army and the courtiers and did not allocate any funds for the development of the society.

As a result, administrative corruption spread.

The situation drove some sultans to make reforms following the modern European systems, in view of the excellence of those states in various fields.

This study, hence, focuses on the most important reforms and the movement of organizations in the reign of Sultan Abdulmajeed the First.

The study is divided into an introduction, and three chapters followed by a conclusion and a bibliography.

The first chapter considers the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif (i.

e.

“Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse"), and the most prominent reforms achieved thereunder during the period 1839-1856 in the administrative, military and educational fields.

The second chapter deals with Hatt-ı Hümâyun, while the third chapter discusses the issuance of Tapu & Land Law in 1856.