أثر الفلسفة و المنطق في البلاغة العربية : السجلماسي إنموذجا

Abstract EN

At a very early stage, old scholars were aware of the impact of Arabic Rhetoric.

That was evident in the Sibawayh's book, Majaz Al-Quran, by Abu Obeidah, and Maani Al-Quran by Al-Farraa.

It was even clear in Qawaid Al-Shi'r by Tha'lab and Al-Badee' by Ibn Al-Mu'taz who was considered a pioneer in writing on rhetoric.

Writing in relative subjects, then, followed.

Many books appeared, such as Naqd Al-Sh'ir, by Qudama bin Jaafar Al-Baghdadi, Al-Sina'atain, by Abu-Hilal Al-Askari, Al-Omda, by Ibn Rashiq Al-Qairawani, Asrar Al-Balagha&Dala'il Al-I'ijaz, both written by Abdul-Qadir Al-Jirjani, Al-Mathal Al-Sair Fi Adab Al-Katib Wa Al-Sha'ir&Al-Jami' Al-Kabeer, both written by Dhiya Al-Deen bin Al-Atheer, Al-Burhan&Al-Tibyan, both by Al-Zamalqani, Nihayat Al-Iejaz, by Fakhr Al-Deen Al-Razi, andBadee' Al-Quran&Thareer Al-Tahbeer, both by Al-Misri.

Those books adopted multiple approaches in introducing their contents.

The literary orientation, however, was a dominant characteristic, which distinguished those books and signified them with Eastern Rhetoric.

In order to scrutinize the impact of philosophy and logic on Arabic rhetoric, the research focused on a critic and a rhetorician from Morroco, Al-Qasim bin Mohammed Al-Ansari Al-Sijilmasi, a scholar who lived in the seventh and eighth Hijri centuries.

He was born and raised in Sijilmasa, a town in Morroco.

He moved to Fez and acquired knowledge under its scholars.

He was also known as a man of literature, for he studied at Al-Quraween Mosque and wrote a book named: Al-Manza' Al-Badee' fi Tajnees Asaleeb Al-Badee' and finished it in 704 AH.

Al-Sijilmasi was almost a contemporary of Hazim Al-Qirtajini (d.

684 AH), who wrote Minhaj Al-Bulaghaa Wa Siraj Al-Udabaa.

In writing, they both followed the Aristotelian approach and that of the Arab Muslim philosophers.

In spite of the fact that their trends both were restricted by Aristotle's Episteme which was connected to Greek laws of knowledge, they did their best to combine the Arab and Greek cultures or achieve harmony between the methodology of philosophers and that of rhetoricians and critics, and strike a balance between constitution and application.

In order to be acquainted with the impact of philosophy and logic on the product of Al-Sijilmasi, the paper adopted the descriptive approach with illustration for his approach or his texts, providing analysis for those texts and striking a balance for them with texts by philosophers, rhetoricians and critics.

Some data contributed to knowledge acquisition by Al-Sijilmasiand became a power of acquisition and achievement in his achieved work Al-Manza' Al-Badee' fi Tajnees Asaleeb Al-Badee'.

Two main factors contributed to the achievement of that product: Time & Space, for he inherited an abundant knowledge accumulation from precedent peers from the East and the West in philosophy, literature and religion who lived throughout the seven centuries that preceded him.

He comprehended a portion thereof, so abundant that it provided him access to the other factor which lied in his creative self that enabled him to take in that knowledge accumulation and then mold it into virgin forms as they were passed down to us.

The forms, in which he sought objectivity and accuracy, were unprecedented.

Al-Sijilmasi derived his book's points of departure from the Aristotle's references of language, literature and philosophy and their commentaries, within which his voice clearly appears.

His way of thinking is clearly distinguished in the approach he adopted and followed, let alone the subject matter that he configured and employed in discussion, with the ultimate objective clearly identified.

All the afore-said have been legitimized by the knowledge accumulation, the foundations of which were objectively discussed, directed, or sometimes overlooked.

This paper considers the knowledge tributary that Al-Sijilmasi employed in his book Manza' Al-Badee' fi Tajnees Asaleeb Al-Badee', besides the methodology he followed in tracing the philosophical and logical tributaries for their significance.

It is important for Al-Sijilmasi's reader to be well-acquainted with this tributary in order to conclude the concept that he/she seeks to attain.

Our study here seeks to know the impact of philosophy and logic on Arabic rhetoric.

To Al-Sijilmasi, the philosophical tributary is rich and effective in his book.

It appears first in the title, and is soon employed in his ten types of paronomasia.

He employed the most accurate philosophical system supported by a great philosophical terminology.

Though there are many philosophical methods adopted, old and modern, such as the hypothetical method of Plato, representational method of Aristotle, dialectical method of Hegel, intuitive method of Princeton, method of doubt which Descartes adopted, Phenomenology as adopted by Husserl, and the analytical method as adopted by Bertrand Russell, Al-Sijilmasi, employed syllogism.

Although he did not explicitly express it, the elements of that methodology were there starting from his premise.

Some of the conclusions that appeared indicated the spots of power and hard work in Al-Sijilmasi approach.

They can be summarized as follows: - The research disclosed that Al-Sijilmasi's approach is a virgin one that never before did rhetoricians and critics focus on.

When he categorized his subjects according to ten high types of paronomasia, they were: Iejaz (brevity), Takhyeel (illusion), Ishara (reference), Mubalagha (exaggeration), Rasf (ranging), Mudhahara (mutual support), Tawdheeh (clarification), Ittisaa (expansion), Inthinaa (bending), and Takreer (repetition).

- The research also outlined that Al-Sijilmasi, by choosing Number Ten for his types of paronomasia, achieved harmony between the methodology adopted by the Arab Muslim philosophers who considered the TEN categories of Aristotle and the one adopted by rhetoricians and critics, through Al-Rummani who divided rhetoric into ten categories.

- The paper concluded that Al-Sijilmasi inherited a knowledge accumulation in literature and language, which he managed to employ extensively in his book.