الإحالة النصية

Abstract EN

Linguistics provides various definitions of the concept of reference.

Lot of them defines reference as the relation that exists between Linguistic expressions and what they stand for in the world (or the universe of discourse) on particular occasions of utterance.

and they describe it as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.

To quote Baker, reference is a device which allows the reader/hearer to trace participants, entities, events, etc.

in a text.

in another way reference refers to resources for referring to a participant or circumstantial element whose identity is recoverable using pronouns or demonstrative pronouns