معاهدة يافا 626ه 1229م من وجهة نظر الإيرل رتشارد

Abstract EN

This research aims to reach the closest historical picture defining the nature of the presence of the English Earl Richard in the forces of the Sixth Crusade and the actions that he carried out.

The research problem is based on the Earl Richard sending a letter to Europe in which he claimed to have signed the Jaffa Treaty with Alkamel Sultan, and this is contrary to what is reported by all sources The historical research confirms that the Jaffa Treaty was signed by Emperor Frederick II and Alkamel Sultan, and one of the most important findings of the researcher was that the letter of the Earl Richard came in response to the excommunication of Frederick II by the Pope.