أثر الشك المعرفي في ظهور فكرة التسامح في القرن السابع عشر

Abstract EN

The idea of tolerance is an essential component in the thought of civilized peoples, and it until after a difficult labor in which the woes narrowed, and the idea of cognitive doubt had its highest value in reaching the prinching the principle of tolerance, and as long as the difference between human beings is a natural thing, and reaching certainty is impossible, and this is what is observed by those who follow the thought The modern European and how it developed until it developed until it reached the Enlightenment era Modern scientific discoveries questioned man about his previous ideas which lasted for long centuries, whether related to religious ideas or other things, so the contribution of thinkers in adopting the idea of doubt, such as Montany and Sharon, and the subseguent emergence Scientific methods such as those of Francis, Bacon and Rene Descartes, and what is observed on them in highlighting the importance of doubt in reaching sound scientific certainty, and what was subseguently important role in spreading Tolerance culture, as it was shown by john locke in the late seventeenth century.