جدل الفناء و الخلود في الفلسفة اليونانية : دراسة في النفس الإنسانية : (الطبيعيين و الإيلين أنموذجا)‎

Abstract EN

The issue of the Soul has been and still is controversial along the historyof thought and research.

It is considered one of the important topics to know the essence of human existence due to what the Self constitutes a characteristic that distinguishes the rational human being from the unhuman one.

Despite the fact that it represents an immaterial image in existence (both human and natural), yet, in most cases, it is manifested by the image of material nature, especially when it is united with the body, where it expresses its material existence in nature as other beings do.

The self has a pivotal role in resurrecting a state of elevation in humans, where it, in most cases, takes the rope of mind or manifested in it through what rational humans come out with ideas, which are, in its essence, secretions of inner impulses of human soul.

We think that most of the thoughts, especially the philosophical ones, spring from cases of human soul and its fluctuated impulses which produce various facets of thinking levels in accordance with what surrounds the individual of social circumstances or different effects.

The soul has always been a significant source of harmony and congruence in most naturalistic philosophers, as well as being a source of not only creating a state of balance in different fields of philosophy, like ethics and politics, but even the natural existence as well.

It was a reason for the state of congruence between conflicting thoughts in Anaximenes, Heraclitus, and Plato and other philosophers, as in the controversy of life vs.

death; existence vs.

inexistence; health vs.

illness; truth vs.

falsehood; ascending argument vs.

falling one, and other philosophical conceptions which formulate a unified idea in which the self plays a hidden role in this congruence which represents, in itself, the goal of and objective of natural existence.

The role of the soul or mind has been clear in organizing things in most philosophers, like Anaximenes, Heraclitus, and Anaxagoras, and most philosophers had endeavored to find a regulating factor or a controlling one in the in the path and movement of existence in a) 03dialectic-controversial way which attempts to unite what is contradictory in the constituent parts of the human existence for the sake of keeping life on, regulating it and creating a state of discipline and harmony among the contradicting and confusing parties.

Congruence and harmony in the natural existence creates a state of congruence and harmony in thought in its different forms.

Mind or soul has a noticeable role in achieving such harmony.

In most philosophers, the controversy of existence and movement had been related to the soul through the role it plays in bestowing a state of existence on life related to the movement it causes in it.

The naturalistic pioneering philosophers had considered matter as the cause of movement and the principle of existence simultaneously.

Such conceptualizations had led them to the controversy of (matter-movement) in the natural existence, and to the controversy of (body – soul) in the human existence, where they considered every moving thing as alive.

This had been their evidence that the self as a factor of movement was mingled with matter.

As for Anaxagoras, the issue is somehow different.

He considered mind that caused movement in the matter as being an external factor related to the matter in a certain state which causes mixing between what is material and immaterial, creating life, resurrecting it for the first time, then it goes on perpetually through a special dialectic in which the material separates from the immaterial.

In the conflict of the changing and constant existence in Heraclitus and Parmenides, the image of the self was not that clear-cut.

Heraclitus did not believe in the dichotomy of (body-soul), simply because he looked at the two as being one thing; its source was one, i.

e.

, fire.

When the self leaves the body, it goes back to its source or to its own world (fire).

Thus, it is infinite and is immortalized without the body; to fire, everything goes back.

It is the first principle and it represents the composition and into it returns the end.

Movement makes things in a constant being governed by a constant law.

In Parmenides and the Elianian however, despite the fact that the world is but unified, constant and motionless, yet, the existence is the source for generating thought, and this is an indicator of their inability of ascertaining that the existence is motionless or does not change, since the birth of thought is an evidence of movement and no matter its reasons are, it gives life