ملامح الحداثة الأوروبية : الإصلاح الديني و الاكتشافات العلمية كنموذجين

Abstract EN

This study attempts to track and monitor the first features of European modernity that were embodied mainly in two major revolutions starting in the fifteenth century, namely: the religious reform, which sought to free man from the control of the church and abolish the authority of its men, to devote the principle of subjectivity and individuality, and then the mind becomes the standard and the first reference in governance about things.

The religious reform, led by Martin Luther, succeeded in granting man an important measure of freedom to be freed from the authority of the Church, which monopolized the interpretation of the sacred text, and established itself as an indispensable mediator between man and God.

The scientific revolutions, and the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus, the most prominent pioneer of them, have contributed greatly to the crystallization of the idea of modernity, and this was achieved through the contribution made by Copernicus, as a prominent model for these revolutions, as he was able to inaugurate the era of modern science, which began to explain phenomena by relying on General and concepts.

The Copernican theory was also characterized by novelty, which is mainly represented in its victory for the mind as the first reference to proceed in the direction of knowledge and truth.

Moreover, Copernicus is the first astronomer who succeeded, ably, in constructing a mathematical system for the movement of the planets from a heliocentric perspective, to be able to refute the theories of Aris She claimed that the Earth is the center of the universe, while Copernicus walked in the opposite direction and emphasized the centrality of the Sun, and he reached this conclusion after initially agreeing with their theory.