خفارة الحج خلال طريق الحج الكوفي إلى مكة المكرمة (327-481 ه-938-1088 م)‎

Abstract EN

The subject of the study dealt with the Hajj Khifarat during the Kufic pilgrimage route to Makkah Al-Mukarramah (327-481 AH/938-1088 AD), Which is intended to protect and guard the pilgrims' rides from the attacks and assaults of the Bedouins and Qarmatians, and was initially subject to the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate, Then it placed this task on the shoulders of the Qarmatians since the year 327 AH / 938 AD, after the attempts of the caliphate failed to confront them by using military force and disciplinary campaigns, so it resorted to changing that policy and adopting a peaceful policy to secure the Hajj convoys and ensure their safety, and the Qarmatians agreed to this initiative in return The custodian tax was collected from them in return for their safe passage under their protection and guard, and in the year 382 AH / 992 AD, after the weakness of the Qarmatians and the deterioration of their conditions, the task of the pilgrim custodianship went to the Bedouins, headed by the Al-Asafir Al-Arabi, the leader of Bani Al-Muntafiq bin Aqil, and the custodial tax continued to be collected from the pilgrims until the year 481 AH / 1088 AD, when it was dropped The Seljuk Sultan Malikshah appointed the watch that was levied on pilgrims, and restored security and order to the pilgrimage route.

Accordingly, the study has been divided into several axes, namely: the khafara language and idiomatically, the houses of the Kufic pilgrimage route, the Abbasid caliphate and the khafarat of the pilgrimage caravans before the year 327 AH / 938 AD, the Qarmatians and the collection of the pilgrim's khafarat for the first time in Islamic history in the year 327 AH / 938 AD, the Bedouins and the collection of the pilgrim's khafarat from the Hajj from the year 382 AH / 992 AD until the year 405 AH / 1014 AD, the Hajj khafarat after the death of Abu al-Najm Badr bin Hasnawayh al-Kurdi (405-447 AH / 1014-1055 AD), the Hajj khafarat from the year 447 AH / 1055 AD until the dropping of the khafarat fee in 481 AH/1088 AD, and it was adopted The study is based on the historical research method based on narration, criticism and analysis of historical events.