فن الموضوعات المصورة على المعابد المصغرة في آسيا في العصرين الهلينستى و الروماني : مدينة الحضر نموذجا (دراسة أثرية فنية)‎

Abstract EN

Hatra is a ruined city located in the Jazira region in present-day northern Iraq 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Baghdad and 68 miles (110 km) southwest of Mosul.

It was a religious and commercial center of the Parthian Empire, and it flourished during the first and second centuries BC.

The city survived several invasions before it was destroyed in [241 AD].

It is an important archaeological site with well-preserved ruins.

It is possible that the city of Hatra was founded in the third or second century BC, under the Seleucid kingdom.

It rose to prominence as the capital of Araba,a small semi-independent state under Parthian influence.

The city flourished and became an important religious center due to its strategic location along the caravan trade routes.

In the first and second centuries AD, the city of Hatra was ruled by a dynasty of Arab princes whose written language was Aramaic and became known In the name of the House of God ("House of God"), referring to the city's many temples and among the deities honored were the Akkadian Sumerian deity Nergal, Hermes (Greek), Atragatis (Aramaic), Lat and Levantine (Arabic), along with Shamash, the sun god in Mesopotamia Built in a circular scheme of military tradition, Hatra was able to repel many attacks, including the siege launched by Roman forces in [116-117 CE] led by Emperor (Trajan) and [198-199] under Emperor (Septimius Severus).

), however, the city fell in about [240 AD] to Shabir I (240-272 AD), ruler of the Persian Sassanid dynasty, and was destroyed.

He married her later, Tradition also states that Shapur killed his bride after that.

German archaeologists studied the site systematically between 1907 and 1911 AD, and important Iraqi excavations were conducted from the middle of the twentieth century.

Hatra is the best preserved and most informative example of a Parthian city.

It is surrounded by inner and outer walls with a circumference of about 4 miles (6.4 km) and supported by more than (160) towers.

It has vaults and columns that once rose to 100 feet (30 m).

Many sculptures and statues were also discovered in the city.

In [1985 AD] the city of Hatra was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Despite the Iraqi government's support for a major restoration project in the 1990s, the site was looted from a number of important artifacts during that period.

Similarly, although it was not damaged during the Anglo American invasion of Iraq in [2003 AD], a number of artifacts that were excavated there disappeared when the Iraqi National Museum was looted in the chaos that followed the invasion.