سياسة بريطانيا تجاه النصارى و اليهود في الدولة العثمانية (1839-1914م)‎ : دراسة تاريخية

Abstract EN

The most of the world state have been known, that include big and small minorities in social fabric, distinguish by it origin, culture and religion, rarely we can find state contain on one religion or language, also that finding the religious, doctrinal, or race minority can not be cause political problem or civil war, in social field, some searchers and thinkers have seen that some minorities has political activity but another is humble, in another word, some of them want to maintain on self-limited feeling specialty self- personality and another have tendency to social fusion - political inter home - society.

In Europe states, specially British, have gladded to exist minorities in Othmanean state, for chance to divide these state and making from these minorities eternity problem, religious Othmany toleration for minorities but they seek to autonomy from state.

The Europeans plan had began toward this religious minorities when the European consuls started exploitation of weakness of Othmanean state and calling to overplus disown by citizen religious minorities, the matter reach to call increasing from some consuls pre annum, that lead to change the Othmanean nationality, because these the non-Muslim citizens in the same state, although the negative which consort with protection of minorities but this protection lead to essential change the situation of religious minorities Othmany social.

During 1839, Sultan Abd-AL- Majeed issued sultanas a statement (Khat –Sheriff coulnkh) including the declaration about equality between Muslim and non- Muslim, which means cancel the traditional situation Legitimate for non Moslems as free non-Moslems enjoying Moslems anther satanic statement confirm the previous at 1856 its (khat – shareef hemaun) that give afull equality and religious freedom to non- Muslims citizens in othmenic state.

The development and increasing of minorities situation in othmenic state have lead to the Europe state specially British to exploit the Muslim and non-Muslim to serve them political, through raising feeling of wrong, fright and absent to the safety gains majority of Muslim Othmany during draft this minority and offer a promise to them for achievement the freedom, rights, and independence from Muslim Othmany state and forming state to them, this become true