الثابت و المتغير في تمييز المبتدأ من الخبر

Abstract EN

Subjects and objects in verbial sentences are divided into two types.

In the first type, subjects and objects are equal in their ability to perform the action, in the second type subjects and objects are not equal.

In the first case, we can only distinguish between them through the inflections on their final letter e.g.

(خالدا زید ضرب ) (Zayd hit Khalid).

In the other case, we can depend on meaning in our distinction, e.g.

خلق الله الإنسان) (Allah created humans), in addition to the inflection at the end of the word, if there is one.

If the subjects and the objects were equal in the ability and the inflection was only assumed on them, we can identify them by depending on their position in the sentence, i.e.

the first one is the doer of the action and the second is the recipient of the action; e.g.

( اكرم یحیى مصطفى ) (Akram salutes Mustafa).

In the case of nominal sentences, we cannot depend on final inflections in the distinction between subjects and predicates because both of them have the same inflection.

In this case we can depend on a new process.

It is the process of finding out the changeable and unchangeable ones.

The unchangeable is the subject and the changeable is the predicate; e.g.

( زید ناجح ) (Zayd is successful) and ( الناجح زید ) (The successful is Zayd) If the subject and predicate were equal in rank (i.e.

frozen), we can depend on their position in the process of identification e.g.

( (زید أخوك (Zayd is your brother) (the first is the subject and the second is the predicate).

The same principle applies if the subject and predicate were indefinite; e.g.

(أفضل مني أفضل منك) (Better than me better than you) ; the first is the subject and the second is the predicate.