العلاقات الدبلوماسية بين الملك الكامل (615-635ه 1218-1238م)‎ و فريدريك الثاني (594-648ه 1197 1250م)‎ من خلال المصادر الإسلامية

Abstract EN

The study aimes to investigate the relations between Al- Kamil (615- 635) A.H (1218- 1238) and Fredrek II(594- 648) A.H (1197- 1250) Emperor of Germany .

which resulted in the concession of Jerusalem to Emperor Fredrek according to Ttreaty agreed upon between the two parties called Jaffa Treaty in (626 AH 1229).

The study also aims to show the circumstances under which the Ttreaty was signed and explain the articles included in it in order to clarify the Strategy of Muslim rulers in previous ages, who were trying to make the right decisions even under weak and retreating circumstances.

The study, came up with the following results: - The treaty conflicted with the basic Islamic diplomatic rules when Al- Kamil gave up Jerusalem which prohopit agreement with the enemy when Islam and Muslim interests violated Fredrek II achieved for the west what military expedition were not capable of.

He took Jerusalem back after four centuries from its liberation.

- Al- Kamil took into consideration important aspect when he give up Jerusalem, that surrounding suburbs and towns stay in Muslim hand.

He also put a condition that prevents the walls of the city from being rebuilt, from a military perspective,this would keep the possibility of returning to the city easy, in case if the crusaders violate the treaty or the treaty expires.

- Fredrek II arrived to the Bilad AL Sham after the death of Al- Muazzam Issa, and failed to achieve an alliance with the crusaders in Bilad AL Sham.

AL- Kamil used these circumstances to save Muslims Bilad from further concessions, and forced Fredrek II to accept the treaty with the least conditions