مقدمة تحليلية لمدرسة الاستشراق الأمريكية و دلالاتها الفكرية

Abstract EN

Orientalism was the conceptual framework that rationalized Western colonialism and its attendant cultural and economic imperialism.

It viewed the region and its peoples as essentially “dehumanized” and thereby justified Western domination.

Where Edward Said employed the concept to counter pathological stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims as violent, backward, and driven by passion and religious fanaticism, Little employs it to explain American policy in the Middle East since 1945.

This article high lights the transition of Orientalist scholarship from European academia to American academia.

During post- colonial era Orientalist scholarship was dominated by British and the Europeans.

In the twentieth century the banner of this scholarship was transferred to Americans.

European’s studied classical Islamic texts whereas American’s studied Islamic and Middle Eastern societies.

Whatever the approach or origin Orientalist scholarship projected West as progressive and rational as compared to the East.

Orientalist scholarship was short of objectivity and loaded with misrepresentations and continued to stereotype Arabs.

The article also highlights the fundamental problems with the resultant academia.

The key themes of nineteenth century European Orientalist scholarship entered the twentieth century American Orientalist scholarship such as the interpretive framework which guided these studies and the bias against the East.

In early twentieth century American Orientalist scholarship focused on the ancient Near East and showed less interest in Arabic and Islam but followed in the footsteps of their European predecessors in their approach.

Always there was a question about the long time stability in the foreign policy of the advanced states in the world, Even they are democratic and have changing their administrations.

We will try in this study to clarify the rationality via think tank as a factor causing that stability.

Of the many influences on U.S.

foreign policy formulation, the role of think tanks is among the most important and least appreciated.

A distinctively American phenomenon, the independent policy research institution has shaped U.S.

global engagement for nearly 100 years.

But because think tanks conduct much of their work outside the media spotlight, they garner less attention than other sources of U.S.

policy like the jostling of interest groups, the maneuvering between political parties, and the rivalry among branches of government.