للنقود التيمورية شاهرخ (الدراهم)‎ المحفوظة في المتحف السليمانية غيرمنشورة-أنموذجا : دراسة تحليلية

Abstract EN

Money, currencies and Islam are part of the cultural and Islamic heritage.

It reveals important aspects in the life of the society that prevailed in it, and determines the time of kingdoms and diasporas, and the type of government, and helps in the writing of history and Islamic.

Islamic coins and coins, like all other means of life in society, have undergone many stages of development and change, from the beginning of Islam to the present day.

They have emerged and evolved like other arts in the Islamic covenants, and distinguish the Islamic currency from other currencies.

More than a thousand cities under Islamic rule, and this shows the extent of Islamic space, and relied on the Arabic language in the inscriptions inscribed on them, which include the word of Majesty and the testimony of Tawheed and verses of the Koran added to the names and titles of rulers and sultans and years of governance and cities of beating coins.

We can not comment on some of the conclusions we reached.

The Timorese money during the reign of Shahrakh had a great role in revealing historical truths and important new political events, including: (807-1851 AH / 1405-1447 CE) The Timorese ruling center continued to its new capital, Herat, after the revolutions, conflicts and wars that erupted between the Timorese and his descendants after his death, Until his empire was about to disappear.Shahrach distinguished himself as the most powerful monarch who ruled the country of Iran with wisdom, justice and culture.

In his capital, Herat gathered artists from all parts of his country, set up a scientific complex and a great library.

Shahrukh has ruled Iran for almost half a century, during which he directed the Taymorite princes who were loyal to him in the rule of the states that comprise them His empire was so vast that he had lost his son Baysenkir in the year 817 AH / 1414 AD.

The latter is one of the greatest sponsors of science and art in his time, as well as being a poet, writer and calligrapher.

Despite this, Shahrach succeeded in the rule of the Timorese state by his son Mirza Alleg Beck (851-853 AH / 1447-1499), who lasted only three years, most of whom were in constant conflict and wars with his princes.

The only arts among the Timorese whose name has been mentioned for many centuries is mentioned in conjunction with the reverence for his many works and arts in Bukhara and Samarkand.

Mirza was succeeded by a number of rulers who took over the rule of the Timorese state in short periods until Sultan Hussein Baikra (874-912 AH / 1468-1506 AD), one of the most famous Timorese princes, came to power in the care of the arts, literature and sciences thanks to the security and stability enjoyed by him Country.

2 - The prevalence of the use of the artist and debate Altimuri decorative style in the Arabic calligraphy of the dirham mentioned in the research, for their importance in highlighting the clarity of the content of the decorations written about other decorations, such asvegetative and engineering, and the first represents the important position of the artist himself on the one hand, and those who decorated the figure of It was through those who included these writings of religious and propaganda terms and the name and surname of the sultan.

The most significant feature of most of the studied dirhams is that the Timorese discussion used the line rather than the kufic and square kufic lines.

There are some durum patterns where the kufic line is finished, which ends with plant-like increments.

The kufic and mozzarella line, The third line and the line of the copies of the line of the third line and thus expressed the line third as the imam of the lines as it is the most difficult, and the calligrapher is not a calligrapher unless I mastered it .

As for the kufic line, there is some applied by the kufic line, which ends in increments similar to the plant paper.

The form and content of this type of line and the other two types were described during the descriptive and analytical study of the models and their clarification through the decorative plates of the study.

3 - We see the decoration through the letter has recognized the Muslim artist that the calligraphy features characteristics that make it a natural decorative element, achieving technical goals, and often used the line purely decorative use without attention to the written content and inquired words written on the dirham, The first among artists, it is the calligrapher that determines the spaces that are covered by the motif with decorative motifs to decorate the book on thecoin.

The decorative ornamentation of the unity of the monarchy remained in its old form in various countries, such as the use of italian letters in italian italic inscriptions.

The kufic line remained detailed in the decorative script with the liberation of the stalemate that prevailed in the Umayyad era, compared to the Timurid era.

4- The discussion used geometric motifs in various shapes such as square and square of the quarry, as well as the circles, lines and circles of the pearl granules on the dirham Shahrakh, as well as in the analysis of models.

5 - The weight of the legitimacy of the Timorese coins DharamShahrakh - the research we are analyzing, weight from the lowest to the top (4.9 - 5.1 g) The diameter of the dirham between (21-28 mm) 5 - variety of templates hit Dirham Shahrach and variety of each model according to the city beating dirham studied.

6 - the low and destroyed these coins in the museums of the region, and to be an auxiliary reference among the hands of researchers in the field of coins.