العلاقات بين خانية القفجاق و أوروبا في عهد بركة خان (655-665 ه 1257-1266 م)‎

Abstract EN

In the Arabian and Islamic minds Mongols are usually connected with the destruction of Muslim countries, ravage of Abbasside Caliphate in Bagdad and murder of the Caliph.

Although Mongols embraced Islam later, among them Baraka Khan the leader of Mongols of Kipchaks, whose conversion left a profound impact on the international political scene, especially the Islamic one, nevertheless this issue had not receive enough historical attention unlike the early history of Mongols.

Thus, this thesis intends to shed more light on the consequences of Baraka Khan's conversion to Islam, its results on the Kipchak- European relationships, and the following changes in his national alliances.

In Baraka's reign, the Kipchak Khanate turned from allying with Mongols kingdoms into hostility and armed confrontations, especially with Persian ilkhanate.

Furthermore, all these factors affected the relationships of the khanate with European countries which had suffered greatly from the Mongolian invasion, and from the invasive aspirations of the Kipchak Khanate under Batu Khan.

This was ultimately changed in Baraka's reign, in which the warfare of the Kipchak Khanate turned from European frontier into Caucasus's, under Hulagu, which Baraka struggled to recover.

Therefore, Baraka paid little attention to his territorial expansions in European lands, and his activities there were limited to threat and some quick raids.

The thesis discusses the following topics: 1-Identification of Baraka khan.

2- Kipchak- Galician relationships.

3- Kipchak- Lithuanian relationships.

4- Kipchak- Polish relationships.

5- Kipchak- Hungarian relationships.

6- Kipchak Khanate and Teutonic Order relationships.

7- Kipchak- Bulgarian relationships.

8- Kipchak- Byzantine relationships.

9- Kipchak Khanate and France relationships.

10- The attitude of Papacy toward Mongol's threat.