سياسة الحكومات المتعاقبة تجاه العشائر و أثرها على المجتمع العراقي 1869-1958

Abstract EN

The research entitled "The successive policy of governments towards tribes and their impact on the Iraqi society 1869-1958" is of exceptional importance because of the historical lessons that can be used at present to avoid many mistakes made by previous governments in dealing with the problem of clans, Between what Iraq has gone through during the period of research and the results that resulted from it, and the current policy of confusion that may drag Iraq to experience the same experiences that passed in the past, and this is our choice of this subject.

The first part of the research dealt with the conditions that Iraq has undergone, which contributed to its instability, the deterioration of its cities and the retreat of its members to uphold their tribes and customs.

This sheds light on the wrong policies adopted by the Ottoman authorities through their committees in Iraq towards Iraq and the results that affected the general situation And Iraqi society.

While the second part was devoted to revealing the negative role played by British politicians during the occupation period 1914-1920 and subsequent periods by working to weaken the Iraqi political and social institutions and adopting policies that prevent Iraq's progress towards civilization and build a unified society under a capable national leadership.

The third and final topic dealt with the policy of the monarchy towards the tribes and its impact on the Iraqi society, which was characterized by adopting a positive policy towards the issue of the tribes during the reign of King Faisal I 1921-1933, and changing this policy to the negative side, especially after the events that took place in Iraq after the thirties of the twentieth century The monarchy took a bad stand with regard to its policy towards the tribes, in alliance with the British and the land of the great landowners of the tribal sheikhs, keeping him away from the emerging national elite of urban intellectuals and his complete neglect of the army and his officers and creating a state of gap between the people and his government Thus the process of overthrowing him.

Through research, we can reach the following conclusions: - Iraq was in a period of history of old thanks to strong governments and political stability and economic wealth to build the first civilizations in human history, and Baghdad in the Abbasid era a kiss of the world in its progress and science.

- The most important result of the political instability witnessed by Iraq as a result of the frequent invasions by the Tatars, the Asian tribes, the Persians, the conflict between the latter and the Ottoman Empire to control its lands, ending with the Ottoman domination in 1534, which lasted about four centuries, The role of cities and their decay, and the spread of insecurity and order, all of this prompted members of Iraqi society to hold on to their tribes, seeking security and safety, and the fact that the clan is the most organized social system in the community resorted to individuals after successive governments gave up their natural role.

- The Ottoman rulers' harsh policies and the ongoing military campaign against the tribes, because of the attempt by those rulers and their representatives to extort high taxes and enforce compulsory conscription, pushed the Iraqi clans into clan alliances to defend themselves from the neighboring clans and the Ottoman rulers.

The conflict between them was the most prominent phenomenon witnessed by the history of Iraq in the Ottoman era.

- The surface was the most prominent features of the Ottoman rule of Iraq, to prepare him only a source of income to the higher door, so we find that in Iraq has followed a method of governance can be called "loose governance," and neglected public Shona.

- The failure of the implementation of the Tabu system in Iraq, which was pledged by the reformed governor Medhat Pasha 1869-1872, led to the emergence of a class of senior land owners from tribal sheikhs and senior civil servants and merchants, at the expense of the master plan.

The judge ordered the distribution of land to individuals and dealing with them directly without the mediation of Sheikh The clan.

- Despite the failure of the immediate goals of the implementation of the Taboo law, in the long term he succeeded in destabilizing the clan system after changing the nature of the relationship between the sheikh and his clan members from links based on the connection of blood and the fact that the sheikh of the clan, To the entire clan share their proceeds, to the private property of the clan elder, has increased at the expense of members of his clan.

- At a time when the policy of the Ottoman state towards the tribes and the general economic development witnessed in Iraq after 1869 by linking the Iraqi markets to the European markets to weaken the tribal system and start the process of decomposition it, but the British interests in Iraq during the occupation and then, In order to revive the tribal system and reduce its dissolution, by strengthening the tribal sheikhs loyal to them, which took various forms of support from government, economic and military support, in order to weaken the Iraqi political and social institutions according to the theory of balance of power, Blame their interests, make the final word for the British.

Their legislation was the Civil and Penal Clans Act of 1918, which distinguished Iraqi society from rural to civil, and prevented it from being united on a national basis.

Britain's general policy toward the tribes has left the development, modernization and promotion of society to the level of developed countries.

- The first period of royal policy toward the tribes from 1921 to 1933 was marked by King Faisal I's attempt to build a united state in which the king would be a symbol of its unity by strengthening the national army and imposing compulsory conscription and weakening the pro-British tribal sheikhs by polarizing the anti-British sheikhs And to incite them to raise obstacles to the implementation of their policies and exploitation to forestall their position before the king.

- The developments in Iraq after the first half of the thirties led to the change of the monarchy in Iraq to the British and tribal chiefs.

The latter became a pillar of the monarchy, granting it all the economic and political power and privileges, especially after the revolution of May 1941.