العلامات المائية و أثرها في تجارة الورق بين أوروبا و شمال إفريقيا بين القرنين (13-18م)‎

Abstract EN

In this article we talked about the paper industry 's transition to Europe and the role of Muslims in development this the industry and Its transformation to big trade between Europe and north Africa that imported the papers exhibiting the Christian signs "watermarks" which Raised a bunch of questions And the doubts.

Ben Marzouk answered these questions in a fatwa called " Al kâghad Rumi ", where Muslims were allowed to use European papers for necessity due to lack of Islamic paper, However, European trade has been affected because watermarks, This prompted factories to change their brands in consistent with the wishes of Muslims in order to maintain their share of paper exports in North Africa and Middle Maghrib.