التقنيات الحجاجية في رسالة كيمياء السعادة المنسوبة إلى الغزالي (ت 505ه)‎

Abstract EN

is a deeply- rooted rhetorical message whose author relied on relations of conformity in his argument.

Therefore, the author employed definitions, in this argument, to lead the recipient towards his conception of happiness.

He defined the heart and pleasure and argued that the recipient may probably have other definitions of these concepts.

Arguing for these definitions is based on the so- called virtue of ethos.

In his argument, the author also relied on relations of inclusion as he divided the human being into conscious and unconscious aspects.

Then he divided the unconscious aspect into bestial, monstrous, demonic and angelic characteristics in contrast to Plato's inverse relationship between the body and the intellect.

The author also relied on succession in many ways which come together to decide what follows a matter either to give it up or to proceed.

On the one hand, if the decision is to give up that matter, it is because the plea has warned of unfavorable ending.

On the other hand, if the decision is to proceed, it is due to the probable favorable ending.

Moreover, there is the plea of dispersal which warns against dispersing effort improperly.

Besides, there is the essential plea which enable man to co-exist with the powers of his anger and lust, by restraining rather than abolishing them.

The author identified lust and anger as being innate in humans, but they are in control.

According to the author, virtues remain in between two levels of vices.

Here, the author relies on representation to establish a sort of desired happiness verisimilar to both the chemical process producing precious metals and the establishment of the utopia because happiness, utopia, chemistry of gold or silver all include particles that need better management and serious estimation.