الخريطة الإثنو -سياسية بدول حوض النيل : بين الاختلاف و التغيير في الفترة ما بين (1960-2019م)‎

الملخص EN

Ethnic difference is a global phenomenon; as there are about 8000 ethnic groups spread in the world; Africa alone owns 2,200 different ethnic groups.

While Africa accounts for one third of the political borders in the world (54) countries; The average number of ethnic groups in the African country is about (40.7) ethnic groups, and the number of ethnic groups in the Nile Basin countries ranged between (450: 3) groups, which reflects the effects of ethnic / political rupture and the demarcation of arbitrary political borders established by colonialism since 1885 AD Which overlap with the boundaries of ethnic groups is divided into several countries, and in return there are ethnic groups that cross political borders.

Colonialism pursued a policy of divide and rule, as it stoked the roots of conflicts between ethnic groups, while political parties were formed in countries after independence on ethnic grounds; and then the representation and distribution of political and administrative positions and wealth according to these foundations and the non-representation of all ethnic groups, for example the Tutsi group was distinguished in Rwanda and Brundi on the Hutu and Twa, the Amhara group, which are in Ethiopia, and the Paganda community in Uganda, among others.

The Zionist / American interventions inherited the role of colonialism after the October 1973 war and the clarity of the strategic importance of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Strait of Bab al-Mandab, and the Horn of Africa region in general and their impact on international politics, peace and war; fueled the spirit of ethnic conflicts and supported rebel movements calling for secession; To break the siege of the Arab region from Israel; Then the change in the political map of the Nile Basin countries, such as the secession of South Sudan in 2011 AD, the rebellion of the Ogaden and Al-Anfadi regions in both Ethiopia and Kenya to separate from them and the annexation of Somalia since 1964 AD, the secession and independence of Katanga region (now young), and the Western Kassi region and East Kivu in the period from (1964-1978) from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and were subsequently returned to the state, and Eritrea's secession from Ethiopia in 1993.

The differences in the ethnic / political map resulted in several repercussions, including civil wars, as the Nile Basin accounted for (56.5%) of the African wars (23) wars, which caused the death of about (6.5) million people and economic deterioration, as the proportion ranged The poor were between (50: 84,6%) of the population in 1990 to between (14,9: 77,7%) in 2014, as well as threatening national and international security by undermining political systems in countries and the spread of the phenomenon of civil wars and separatist movements.

The research aimed to monitor the difference and change in the ethnic / political map, the causes and impacts of that, in order to set a strategy for management integration between the ethnic and political map in the Nile Basin countries.

This research focused on the following topics: (1) Affect Factors in the ethnic / political map.

(2) Difference and change in ethnic / political map.

(3) Ethnic / political map between the repercussions of difference, change and management.