العملات العابرة للحدود في غرب أوروبا في العصر الوسيط : العملة الإسلامية المنقوشة نموذجا

الملخص EN

In The world of Medieval ages, there were "cross-border currencies", because It did not recognize political, religious, linguistic, ethnic borders.

One of these coins was the Engraved coin whose name derived from the word manqush in relation to the Arabic and Islamic writings and drawings on which it was written.

Although the beginning of the engraved coin was in the " Islamic Orient " as an Islamic dinar, but it soon moved to Western Europe and was Circulated in France, Italy, England and Germany.

the first beneficiary of this gold coin was the rich classes of the nobility, merchants in addition to the kings & The clergy.

Mancus for its easy circulation outside or within European borders can be described as "the currency of kings and merchants".

The research has attempted to answers several historical issues about this Islamic currency such as: how this Islamic currency moved in to the borders of the Western Europe? and study the Attitude of the papacy from the Mancus? Did they welcome their use or prohibit their circulation? .

and Because the Mancus was witnessed its golden age at a time, when the papacy sought to Besieged the Muslims commercially either at the border trade or foreign trade in general, while constituting the primary obstacles to the idea of economic siege.

The study also refers to the role played by Muslims to reinforcement and supporting the Islamic Mancus, especially in the common border areas in Spain, southern Italy and Sicily, until it was stopped in Western Europe in the 13th century.