Fundamentals of geo-positioning reference frames, map projections and their applications

الملخص EN

A map is defined as a miniature drawing of the Earth's surface or part of it.

The designation was based on many projections used to transmit information from reality to the map, and this would be in the processing of geospatial information.

The maps were developed by Greek and Roman circa 2300 BC, and were preserved on Babylonian clay tablets.

Since that, it has been adopted to transfer the natural data to a map but it is necessary to use the projection types of the map which including cylindrical projection, conical projection and flat or azimuth projection.

These three types are illustrated by explanation and some images of detailed explanation of each species.

As such, there are still flaws in the map forecast and reference system, but they must be used strictly to overcome these defects and produce a correct map to use.

Currently, map becomes one of the most important methods which represent the earth in order to identify the human where they are