التخلف السياسي و تراجع مستوى البناءات الفكرية و المؤسساتية للدولة

الملخص EN

Many economic studies rely on clarifying the concept of underdevelopment by highlighting the extent to which these countries achieve a certain economic level, in addition to indicators of public income, while political literature focuses on the form of political institutions and the degree of political awareness of the elite, not to mention the social structure of the state, according to the contents related to With political participation, institutional complexity, and separation of powers, this is what distinguishes countries that have achieved the criteria for political development, and countries in which the features of political backwardness are clearly visible.

In this paper, we try to focus on the nature of intellectual structures in backward countries, and review these standards in their institutions.