القائد (أوتو فون بسمارك Otto Von Bismarck)‎، و دوره في تجسيد مشروع الوحدة الألمانية (1861-1871م)‎

الملخص EN

Throughout the modern era, Germany has lived through difficult and complicated periods in the shadow of the fragmentation and disintegration it has reached, which has gone beyond imagination, to the extent that the number of its fragmented political entities, according to sources, exceeded three hundred.

Most of them were in conflict and subject to direct and indirect external influence, in a way that made the idea of the unity of these entities a distant dream.

But the German people defied the difficulties in achieving the German unification project, which passed through important stages, most notably the stage of the leader (Bismarck).

) which prepared an integrated project based on three important pillars: - Prepare internally by forming a strong army.

Smart diplomacyDecisive military stepsAll these steps ended with the embodiment of the German unification project in (1871)